Q2/2019 - Japanische G20-Präsidentschaft

G20-Gipfeltreffen, Osaka, 28. – 29. Juni 2019

Beim G20-Gipfeltreffen am 28. und 29. Juni 2019 in Osaka dominierten die Themen Welthandel und Klimaschutz. Das vom japanischen Ministerpräsidenten Shinzo Abe beim Weltwirtschaftsforum in Davos im Januar 2019 aufgeworfene Thema der „Data Governance“ war eines der Konfliktthemen auf dem Gipfel. Dabei ging es darum, inwiefern das Thema eingebunden wird in die anstehende Reform der Welthandelsorganisation (WTO). In der „G20 Osaka Leaders Declaration“ sprechen sich die G20-Staaten für einen “Data Free Flow with Trust“ (DFFT) aus. Notwendig sei dafür, die Interoperabilität von Netzwerken und rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen zu verbessern. Die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Handel und der Digitalwirtschaft würden immer enger.[1]

Bei der Beurteilung der „Joint Initiative on eCommerce“, die 78 Regierungen beim Weltwirtschaftsforum in Davos im Januar 2019 gestartet hatten, gab es aber einen nicht unerheblichen Konflikt. Mit Indien, Indonesien und Südafrika verweigerten drei G20-Staaten der „Osaka Declaration on Digital Economy“[2] ihre Zustimmung. In diesem Dokument wird die Joint Initiative als „Osaka Track“ unterstützt und die Erwartung ausgesprochen, bis zur 12. WTO-Ministerkonferenz im Juni 2020 substantielle Fortschritte zu erzielen. Vor allem Indien sieht in dem Mandat für den „Osaka Track“ eine Beschränkung der nationalen Souveränität und sieht die Prinzipien der „Joint Initiative“ als nicht kompatibel mit der nationalen eCommerce-Politik. Begrenzung für einen grenzüberschreitenden Datenfluss sind z.B. in Indiens Gesetz zu „Datalocalisation“ enthalten. Auf der anderen Seite haben sowohl China als auch Russland, die gleichfalls Gesetze zu Datalocalisation verabschiedet haben, der „Osaka Declaration on Digital Economy“ zugestimmt.

Ein weiteres wichtiges Thema auf dem G20-Gipfel war künstliche Intelligenz. Das Gipfeltreffen folgte der Empfehlung der G20-Digitalminister und verabschiedete ein Dokument unter dem Titel „G20 AI Principles“:

Das Dokument formuliert zehn Grundsätze für den politischen Umgang mit dem Thema „künstliche Intelligenz“. [3]Künstliche Intelligenz wird als eine große Chance für wirtschaftliches Wachstum und die Zukunft der Arbeit gesehen. Staatliche und private Akteure werden ermutigt, in künstliche Intelligenz zu investieren. Um möglichen Fehlentwicklungen von vornherein entgegenzuwirken, soll die Entwicklung künstlicher Intelligenz sich von Werten wie Menschenrechte und Demokratie leiten lassen. Insbesondere wird Bezug genommen auf Prinzipien wie Freiheit, Würde und Autonomie des Menschen, Privatsphäre und Datenschutz, Nicht-Diskriminierung und Gleichheit, Vielfalt, Fairness, soziale Gerechtigkeit und international anerkannte Arbeitsrechte. KI-Systeme sollten transparent und erklärbar sein, robust und sicher. Entsprechende Verantwortlichkeiten beim Einsatz von künstlicher Intelligenz müssten vorher geklärt werden. Wichtig sei eine Ausweitung der internationalen Zusammenarbeit, die Gewährleistung der Interoperabilität neu entstehender Systeme und eine faire Gestaltung der mit künstlicher Intelligenz verbundenen Veränderung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt.

Die G20-AI-Prinzipien entsprechen den von der OECD-Ministerkonferenz am 19. Mai 2019 in Paris verabschiedeten „OECD Recommendation of the Council for Artificial Intelligence“. Die OECD arbeitet bereits seit Jahren als einer Art De-facto-Sekretariat für die G20 zu allen Themen der Digitalisierung. Die einstimmige Annahme der OECD-Empfehlung als „G20 AI Principles“ ist insofern erstaunlich, als ihr auch G20-Mitglieder, die nicht Mitglieder der OECD sind, zugestimmt haben. Das betrifft vor allem China und Russland, die beide in den letzten Jahren erklärt haben, dass sie zu einem Weltführer im Bereich der künstlichen Intelligenz aufsteigen wollen.

Ein drittes wichtiges Dokument des G20-Gipfel war die Verabschiedung einer Erklärung zur Unterbindung des Missbrauchs des Internets für Terrorismus und Gewaltpropaganda. Diese G20-Erklärung orientiert sich zum Teil an der Erklärung der G7-Innenminister vom 5. April 2019 in Paris, ist jedoch weniger konkret. In der G20-Erklärung wird einerseits das Bekenntnis zu einem „offenen, freien und sicheren Internet“ bekräftigt. Es wird aber andererseits auch gesagt, dass das Internet kein „Freihafen für Terroristen“ sein darf. Rechtsstaatlichkeit gelte offline wie online. Die Online-Plattformen werden aufgefordert, enger mit Regierungen zusammenzuarbeiten und müssen sich dagegen wehren, wenn sie von Terroristen und Gewaltpropagandisten missbraucht werden. Wichtig sei, dass die Online-Plattformen diesbezüglich transparent sind und der Öffentlichkeit gegenüber Rechenschaft ablegen. Wie die G7 setzen sich auch die G20 dafür ein, die Rolle des „Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism“ (GIFCT) zu stärken.[4]

Diskutiert wurde in Osaka auch über die Einführung einer globalen Digitalsteuer. Bereits seit einigen Jahren gibt es gemeinsame Anstrengungen der G20 mit der OECD, das Problem einer Digitalsteuer auf globaler Ebene zu lösen. Einige Länder, wie Frankreich, haben mittlerweile einseitige nationale Lösungen gefunden. Deutschland hat erklärt, dass es auf die Empfehlungen der OECD warten will. Das „G20/OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Package“ (BEPS) hatte nun über eine spezielle Arbeitsgruppe (BEPS Inclusive Framework) einen „two pillar approach“ vorgeschlagen, wie eine globale Digitalsteuer organisieret werden könnte. Die G20-Staaten sprachen die Hoffnung aus, dass nach Vorlage des Schlussberichts der OECD-Arbeitsgruppe im Jahr 2020 entsprechende Entscheidungen gefällt werden können.[5]

Gegenstand des Gipfeltreffens war auch das bereits bei der Tagung der G20-Finanzminister besprochene Thema der Kryptowährung. Diese Diskussion erhielt nicht zuletzt durch die Ankündigung von Facebook, eine neue Kryptowährung (Libro) einzuführen, zusätzliche Brisanz. Die G20-Regierungschefs sehen jedoch im Moment noch keine durch Kryptowährungen hervorgerufene Gefahr für die Stabilität des globalen Finanzsystems. Sie wollen aber die Entwicklung sehr aufmerksam verfolgen und ermutigen insbesondere das Financial Stability Board (FSB) und die Financial Action Task Force (FATF), die neuen Entwicklungen aufmerksam zu studieren und, wenn nötig, den G20-Finanzministern entsprechende Empfehlungen zu geben.[6]

G20-Digitalminister. Tsukuba, 8. – 9. Juni 2019

Am 8. und 9. Juni 2019 fand in Tsukuba ein Treffen der sogenannten Digitalminister der G20 statt. Erstmalig wurde diese Konferenz gemeinsam mit den für Handel zuständigen Ministern der G20-Länder durchgeführt. Das sollte die enge Wechselbeziehung zwischen traditionellem Handel und der Digitalwirtschaft dokumentieren. Paragraph 9 der Abschlusserklärung, des „G20 Ministerial Statement on Trade and Digital Economy“[7]  macht auf die “wachsende Konvergenz zwischen der physischen Welt und der virtuellen Welt“ aufmerksam.

Eingeladen zu der Konferenz waren Minister von 12 weiteren Staaten, die nicht Mitglied der G20, aber wichtige Player in der globalen Digitalwirtschaft sind wie u.a. Nigeria, Ägypten, Singapur, Vietnam, Spanien und die Niederlande. Vorgeschaltet war ein eintägige „Multistakeholder-Konferenz“ mit Experten aus der Wirtschaft und der Zivilgesellschaft.

Die zwei wesentlichen Ergebnisse der G20-Ministertagung waren die Zustimmung der G20-Digitalminister zur OECD-Empfehlung zu künstlicher Intelligenz und die Verankerung des Konzepts eines „Data Free Flow with Trust“ (DFFT), das die japanische G20-Präsidentschaft gepusht hatte, als ein wichtiges Element für die anstehende Reform der Welthandelsorganisation WTO sowie für die WTO-Verhandlungen zu eCommerce.[8]

Die jährliche G20-Digtalministerkonferenz hat sich seit der chinesischen G20-Präsidentschaft 2016 mit der Konferenz in Hangzhou (Düsseldorf 2017, Salta 2018) zu einer Plattform entwickelt, bei der auf Ministerebene weit über die engen Themen der Entwicklung der Digitalwirtschaft hinaus auch generelle politische Themen zu Internet Governance besprochen werden. Bemerkenswert war bei der Tsukuba-Konferenz das klare Bekenntnis zum Multistakeholder-Prinzip. In Paragraph 13 der Schlusserklärung teilen alle G20-Staaten die Ansicht, dass eine digitale Gesellschaft nur auf dem wechselseitigen Vertrauen zwischen allen Stakeholdern – Regierungen, Wirtschaft, Zivilgesellschaft, technisch-akademische Community – aufgebaut werden kann.[9] Notwendig sei, innovative Governance-Modelle zu entwickeln. In Paragraph 23 heißt es, dass „Governance im digitalen Zeitalter nicht nur innovationsfreundlich, sondern auch selbst innovativ sein muss“.[10]  Dabei bedienen sich die G20-Digitalminister zunehmend jener Formulierungen, die im WSIS-Kontext – wie der Tunis-Agenda von 2005 – entstanden sind. Die G20-Digitalminister empfehlen, diese Diskussion beim 14. IGF im November 2019 sowie beim WSIS-Forum im März 2020 in Genf fortzuführen. Dies könnte ein erster Schritt sein auf dem Weg zu einer mehr ganzeinheitlichen Betrachtungsweise der „Internet related public policy issues“. Es wird abzuwarten sein, inwiefern sich dieser Trend unter der G20-Präsidentenschaft von Saudi-Arabien im Jahr 2020 fortsetzt.

Im Rahmen der japanischen G20-Präsidentschaft steht noch ein Treffen der G20-Außenminister an. Das ist für den 22. und 23. November 2019 in Nagoya terminiert. 2020 geht die G20-Präsidentschaft auf Saudi-Arabien über, 2021 übernimmt Italien, 2022 Indien die G20-Präsidentschaft.

Mehr zum Thema
Q2/2019G20
  1. [1] G20 Osaka Leaders' Declaration, Osaka, Japan, June 29, 2019: „We will work toward achieving an inclusive, sustainable, safe, trustworthy and innovative society through digitalization and promoting the application of emerging technologies. We share the notion of a human-centered future society, which is being promoted by Japan as Society 5.0. As digitalization is transforming every aspect of our economies and societies, we recognize the critical role played by effective use of data, as an enabler of economic growth, development and social well-being. We aim to promote international policy discussions to harness the full potential of data. Cross-border flow of data, information, ideas and knowledge generates higher productivity, greater innovation, and improved sustainable development, while raising challenges related to privacy, data protection, intellectual property rights, and security. By continuing to address these challenges, we can further facilitate data free flow and strengthen consumer and business trust. In this respect, it is necessary that legal frameworks, both domestic and international, should be respected. Such data free flow with trust will harness the opportunities of the digital economy. We will cooperate to encourage the interoperability of different frameworks, and we affirm the role of data for development. We also reaffirm the importance of interface between trade and digital economy, and note the ongoing discussion under the Joint Statement Initiative on electronic commerce, and reaffirm the importance of the Work Programme on electronic commerce at the WTO“. Siehe: www.g20.utoronto.ca/2019/2019-g20-osaka-leaders-declaration.html
  2. [2] Osaka Declaration on Digital Economy, Osaka, 28. Juni 2019, We, the Leaders of Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Spain, Chile, Netherlands, Senegal, Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam, share the view that digitalization is transforming every aspect of our economies and societies, and data is increasingly becoming an important source of economic growth, and its effective use should contribute to social well-being in all countries. We affirm the importance of promoting national and international policy discussions for harnessing the full potential of data and digital economy to foster innovation, so that we can keep pace with the fast-growing digital economy and maximize the benefits of digitalization and emerging technologies. Today, we, standing together with other WTO Members that participate in the Joint Statement on Electronic Commerce issued in Davos on 25 January 2019, in which 78 WTO Members are on board, hereby declare the launch of the “Osaka Track”, a process which demonstrates our commitment to promote international policy discussions, inter alia, international rule-making on trade-related aspects of electronic commerce at the WTO. In this regard, we renew our commitment to work together building on the Joint Statement in Davos and confirm our commitment to seek to achieve a high standard agreement with the participation of as many WTO Members as possible. We are encouraged by the progress made so far, and resolve to make further efforts to achieve substantial progress in the negotiations by the 12th WTO Ministerial Conference in June 2020. Building on these efforts, we will engage in international policy discussions for harnessing the full potential of data and digital economy, and increase efforts to engage with relevant international fora for that purpose. Siehe: https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news19_e/dgra_28jun19_e.htm
  3. [3] G20 AI Principles vom 28. Juni 2019: Section 1: Principles for responsible stewardship of trustworthy AI: 1.1. Inclusive growth, sustainable development and well-being Stakeholders should proactively engage in responsible stewardship of trustworthy AI in pursuit of beneficial outcomes for people and the planet, such as augmenting human capabilities and enhancing creativity, advancing inclusion of underrepresented populations, reducing economic, social, gender and other inequalities, and protecting natural environments, thus invigorating inclusive growth, sustainable development and well-being. 1.2. Human-centered values and fairness a) AI actors should respect the rule of law, human rights and democratic values, throughout the AI system lifecycle. These include freedom, dignity and autonomy, privacy and data protection, non-discrimination and equality, diversity, fairness, social justice, and internationally recognized labor rights. b) To this end, AI actors should implement mechanisms and safeguards, such as capacity for human determination, that are appropriate to the context and consistent with the state of art. 1.3. Transparency and explainability AI Actors should commit to transparency and responsible disclosure regarding AI systems. To this end, they should provide meaningful information, appropriate to the context, and consistent with the state of art: i. to foster a general understanding of AI systems; ii. to make stakeholders aware of their interactions with AI systems, including in the workplace; iii. to enable those affected by an AI system to understand the outcome; and, iv. to enable those adversely affected by an AI system to challenge its outcome based on plain and easy-to-understand information on the factors, and the logic that served as the basis for the prediction, recommendation or decision. 1.4. Robustness, security and safety a) AI systems should be robust, secure and safe throughout their entire lifecycle so that, in conditions of normal use, foreseeable use or misuse, or other adverse conditions, they function appropriately and do not pose unreasonable safety risk. b) To this end, AI actors should ensure traceability, including in relation to datasets, processes and decisions made during the AI system lifecycle, to enable analysis of the AI system's outcomes and responses to inquiry, appropriate to the context and consistent with the state of art. c) AI actors should, based on their roles, the context, and their ability to act, apply a systematic risk management approach to each phase of the AI system lifecycle on a continuous basis to address risks related to AI systems, including privacy, digital security, safety and bias. 1.5. Accountability AI actors should be accountable for the proper functioning of AI systems and for the respect of the above principles, based on their roles, the context, and consistent with the state of art. Section 2: National policies and international co-operation for trustworthy AI 2.1. Investing in AI research and development a) Governments should consider long-term public investment, and encourage private investment, in research and development, including inter-disciplinary efforts, to spur innovation in trustworthy AI that focus on challenging technical issues and on AI-related social, legal and ethical implications and policy issues. b) Governments should also consider public investment and encourage private investment in open datasets that are representative and respect privacy and data protection to support an environment for AI research and development that is free of inappropriate bias and to improve interoperability and use of standards. 2.2. Fostering a digital ecosystem for AI Governments should foster the development of, and access to, a digital ecosystem for trustworthy AI. Such an ecosystem includes in particular digital technologies and infrastructure, and mechanisms for sharing AI knowledge, as appropriate. In this regard, governments should consider promoting mechanisms, such as data trusts, to support the safe, fair, legal and ethical sharing of data. 2.3 Shaping an enabling policy environment for AI a) Governments should promote a policy environment that supports an agile transition from the research and development stage to the deployment and operation stage for trustworthy AI systems. To this effect, they should consider using experimentation to provide a controlled environment in which AI systems can be tested, and scaled-up, as appropriate. b) Governments should review and adapt, as appropriate, their policy and regulatory frameworks and assessment mechanisms as they apply to AI systems to encourage innovation and competition for trustworthy AI. 2.4. Building human capacity and preparing for labor market transformation a) Governments should work closely with stakeholders to prepare for the transformation of the world of work and of society. They should empower people to effectively use and interact with AI systems across the breadth of applications, including by equipping them with the necessary skills. b) Governments should take steps, including through social dialogue, to ensure a fair transition for workers as AI is deployed, such as through training programs along the working life, support for those affected by displacement, and access to new opportunities in the labor market. c) Governments should also work closely with stakeholders to promote the responsible use of AI at work, to enhance the safety of workers and the quality of jobs, to foster entrepreneurship and productivity, and aim to ensure that the benefits from AI are broadly and fairly shared. 2.5. International co-operation for trustworthy AI a) Governments, including developing countries and with stakeholders, should actively cooperate to advance these principles and to progress on responsible stewardship of trustworthy AI. b) Governments should work together in the OECD and other global and regional fora to foster the sharing of AI knowledge, as appropriate. They should encourage international, cross-sectoral and open multi-stakeholder initiatives to garner long-term expertise on AI. c) Governments should promote the development of multi-stakeholder, consensus-driven global technical standards for interoperable and trustworthy AI. d) Governments should also encourage the development, and their own use, of internationally comparable metrics to measure AI research, development and deployment, and gather the evidence base to assess progress in the implementation of these principles.“ Siehe: http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2019/2019-g20-trade.html 
  4. [4] G20 Osaka Leaders' Statement on Preventing Exploitation of the Internet for Terrorism and Violent Extremism Conducive to Terrorism (VECT), Osaka, Japan, June 29, 2019: „As leaders, one of our greatest responsibilties is to ensure the security of our citizens. It is the state's role, first and foremost, to prevent and combat terrorism. Here in Osaka, we reaffirm our commitment to act to protect our people from terrorist and VECT exploitation of the internet. We issue this statement to raise the bar of expectation for online platforms to do their part. We, the leaders of the G20, reaffirm our strongest condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. The livestreamed Christchurch terrorist attacks, and other recent atrocities, demonstrate the urgency with which we must fully implement relevant UN resolutions, the UN Global Counter Terrorism Strategy and other instruments, including the 2017 Hamburg G20 Leaders' Statement on Countering Terrorism. For us all to reap the rewards of digitalisation, we are committed to realising an open, free and secure internet. The internet must not be a safe haven for terrorists to recruit, incite or prepare terrorist acts. To this end, we urge online platforms to adhere to the core principle, as affirmed in Hamburg, that the rule of law applies online as it does offline. This must be achieved in a way that is consistent with national and international law, including human rights and fundamental freedoms such as freedom of expression and access to information — we hold these in high regard. We commit to collaborate with states, international organisations, industry, and civil society in this endeavour. We urge online platforms to meet our citizens' expectations that they must not allow use of their platforms to facilitate terrorism and VECT. Platforms have an important responsibility to protect their users. The complexity of the challenge — and increasing sophistication of the criminals who would misuse the internet — does not lessen the importance of platforms mitigating the proliferation of terrorist and VECT content, which harms society, via their platforms. We urge online platforms to step up the ambition and pace of their efforts to prevent terrorist and VECT content from being streamed, uploaded, or re-uploaded. We strongly encourage a concerted effort to set out, implement and enforce terms of service to detect and prevent terrorist and VECT content from appearing on their platforms. Amongst other measures, this may be achieved by developing technologies. Where terrorist content is uploaded or livestreamed, we underline the importance of online platforms addressing it, in a timely manner, to prevent proliferation, while ensuring that documentary evidence is preserved. We welcome online platforms' commitment to provide regular and transparent public reporting, as set out in their policies and procedures. We note the ongoing work of the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) to drive this important cross-industry agenda, including to respond to crises. However, further urgent action is needed. We encourage collaboration with industry, media outlets, researchers and civil society to strengthen GIFCT and expand its membership to be more inclusive. A strengthened GIFCT would enhance cross industry understanding, collaboration and the capability of big and small companies to prevent terrorist and VECT exploitation of their platforms. We commit to continue working together to tackle this challenge — including by sharing our domestic experiences — in our countries and through international fora and initiatives. Positive narratives to counter terrorist propaganda will continue to be an important element of this effort. We will remain engaged with industry progress and urge civil society, consumers and investors to do the same.“ Siehe: http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2019/2019-g20-osaka-vect.html
  5. [5] G20 Osaka Leaders' Declaration, Osaka, Japan, June 29, 2019 We reaffirm the importance of the worldwide implementation of the G20/OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) package and enhanced tax certainty. We welcome the recent progress on addressing the tax challenges arising from digitalization and endorse the ambitious work program that consists of a two-pillar approach, developed by the Inclusive Framework on BEPS. We will redouble our efforts for a consensus-based solution with a final report by 2020. Siehe: http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2019/2019-g20-osaka-leaders-declaration.html
  6. [6] G20 Osaka Leaders' Declaration, Osaka, Japan, June 29, 2019 We While crypto-assets do not pose a threat to global financial stability at this point, we are closely monitoring developments and remain vigilant to existing and emerging risks. We welcome on-going work by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) and other standard setting bodies and ask them to advise on additional multilateral responses as needed. We reaffirm our commitment to applying the recently amended FATF Standards to virtual assets and related providers for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism. We welcome the adoption of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Interpretive Note and Guidance. We also welcome the FSB's work on the possible implications of decentralized financial technologies and how regulators can engage other stakeholders. We also continue to step up efforts to enhance cyber resilience. Siehe: http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2019/2019-g20-osaka-leaders-declaration.html
  7. [7] G20 Ministerial Statement on Trade and Digital Economy, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, June 9, 2019, siehe: http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2019/2019-g20-trade.html
  8. [8] G20 Ministerial Statement on Trade and Digital Economy, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, June 9, 2019, „2. Data Free Flow with Trust: Reaffirming the commitments made in Hangzhou, Dusseldorf, and Salta, we share the understanding that digitalization gives us the opportunity to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth. Digitalization also promotes social and cultural progress and development, fosters innovation, and empowers individuals and businesses, including micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) to benefit from emerging technologies and data. Cross-border flow of data, information, ideas and knowledge generates higher productivity, greater innovation, and improved sustainable development. At the same time, we recognize that the free flow of data raises certain challenges. By continuing to address challenges related to privacy, data protection, intellectual property rights, and security, we can further facilitate data free flow and strengthen consumer and business trust. In order to build trust and facilitate the free flow of data, it is necessary that legal frameworks both domestic and international should be respected. Such data free flow with trust will harness the opportunities of the digital economy. We will cooperate to encourage the interoperability of different frameworks, and we affirm the role of data for development.“ Siehe:http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2019/2019-g20-trade.html
  9. [9] G20 Ministerial Statement on Trade and Digital Economy, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, June 9, 2019: „13. We share the view that the digital society must be built on trust among all stakeholders including governments, civil society, international organizations, academics and businesses through sharing common values and principles including equality, justice, transparency and accountability taking into account the global economy and interoperability. We note the views given at the G20 Digital Economy Multi-stakeholder Conference, and look forward to the multi- stakeholders discussion at the 14th United Nation's Internet Governance Forum at the end of November 2019 in Berlin and the WSIS Forum at the end of March 2020 in Geneva.“ Siehe: http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2019/2019-g20-trade.html
  10. [10] G20 Ministerial Statement on Trade and Digital Economy, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, June 9, 2019: „23. We recognize that various countries have already taken steps with the intention of making policy approaches more flexible, holistic, and agile, for example through the use of regulatory sandboxes. Policies, regulations, or the removal of regulatory barriers can contribute to and accelerate economic growth, and inclusive development by developing countries as well as MSMEs. We recognize that governance in the digital era needs to be not only innovation-friendly but also innovative itself, while not losing legal certainty. Interoperable standards, frameworks and regulatory cooperation can help in this regard. International as well as national policy formulation with the involvement of all relevant stakeholders in their respective roles is instrumental to address a wide range of societal challenges and facilitate discussion on how technology can be better incorporated into policy tools. To adapt better policy approaches and guide technical innovation, we support the sharing of good practices between G20 countries, including by utilizing the G20 Repository of Digital Policies established under Argentina's presidency. We note the work of relevant international organizations.“ http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2019/2019-g20-trade.html