Q2/2021 - Oxford Statement on International Law Protections in Cyberspace, 2. Juni 2021

Oxford Statement on International Law Protections in Cyberspace, 2. Juni 2021

Am 2. Juni 2021 haben über 100 hochrangige Völkerrechtsexperten aus aller Welt in Oxford ein Statement zur Anwendung des Völkerrechts im Cyberspace veröffentlicht. Das „Oxford Institute for Ethics Law and Armed Conflict“ (ELAC) hat bereits vor Jahren den sogenannten ‘Oxford Process on International Law Protections in Cyberspace’ gestartet in dessen Verlauf mehrere Expertentagungen zu rechtswidrigen Cyberangriffen gegen medizinische Einrichtungen oder demokratische Wahlen diskutiert wurden. Das “Statement“ vom 2. Juni 2021 reagiert nun auf die wachsenden Bedrohungen durch „disinformation, misinformation, hate speech, and other speech acts that cause physical or non-physical harm to individuals, States, and private entities – all of which are, in one way or another, governed by international law“.

  • Das „Oxford Statement on International Law Protections in Cyberspace“ bekräftigt die Gültigkeit des Völkerrechts für alle Informations- und Kommunikationsoperationen im Cyberspace. Staaten seien verpflichtet, die in der UN-Charta verankerten Prinzipien der Souveränität und der Nichteinmischung in die inneren und äußeren Angelegenheiten anderer Staaten zu achten. Gleichzeitig müssten die Staaten Maßnahmen ergreifen, um die Menschenrechte in der digitalen Welt zu schützen. Eingriffe in Rechte wie die Meinungsäußerungsfreiheit müssten im Einklang stehen mit den üblichen rechtsstaatlichen Verfahren und den Kriterien legitimer Zweck, Notwendigkeit, Proportionalität und Nichtdiskriminierung. Staaten trügen auch dafür Verantwortung, dass auf ihrem Territorium operierende private Unternehmen keine Menschenrechtsverletzungen begehen. Bei bewaffneten Konflikten gelte das in der Genfer Konvention vereinbarte humanitäre Völkerrecht auch für den Cyberspace.
  • Das Statement selbst enthält keine wesentlichen neuen Aspekte. Vor dem Hintergrund der Auseinandersetzung in den Vereinten Nationen um das WIE der Anwendung des Völkerrechts im Cyberspace, die insbesondere in der Open Ended Working Group (OEWG) weitergeführt werden wird, ist diese Expertise eine wichtige Orientierungshilfe für die 193 Regierungen der UN-Mitgliedsstaaten und können als „Opinio iuris“ gelten, d.h. die Überzeugung, dass ein bestimmtes Verhalten rechtmäßig ist. [1]
Mehr zum Thema
Q2/2021
  1. [1] Oxford Statement on International Law Protections in Cyberspace: The Regulation of Information Operations and Activities, von Dapo Akande, Antonio Coco, Talita de Souza Dias, Duncan B. Hollis, James C. O’Brien und Tsvetelina van Benthem, 2. Juni 2021 „We agree that: 1. International law applies to all conduct carried out through information and communications technologies, including information operations and activities; 2. States must refrain from conducting information operations and activities when they would violate the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention in a State’s internal or external affairs. 3. States must refrain from engaging in, supporting or allowing forms of speech within their jurisdiction that are prohibited under international law, such as any propaganda for war and any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence. To enforce this duty, States must prohibit by law information operations and activities amounting to such forms of speech. 4. States must refrain from engaging in, or supporting, any other information operation or activity that violates the rights of individuals within their jurisdiction, such as their right to life, health, private life, freedoms of thought and opinion, freedom of expression, including the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, right to vote and participate in public affairs. 5. States must take measures to protect the human rights of individuals within their jurisdiction from violation by information operations or activities carried out by other States and non-state actors. Where such protective measures interfere with human rights, they must be in accordance with applicable legal requirements, such as legitimate purpose, legality, necessity, proportionality and non-discrimination. 6. In regulating information operations and activities, States must not unduly restrict the right to freedom of expression and other rights guaranteed under international law.7. In addressing the impact of information operations, States must ensure that information and technology companies are able to operate their services consistently with the human rights of their individual users. 8. The conduct of information operations or activities in armed conflict is subject to the applicable rules of international humanitarian law (IHL). These rules include, but are not limited to, the duty to respect and ensure respect for international humanitarian law, which entails a prohibition against encouraging violations of IHL; the duties to respect and to protect specific actors or objects, including medical personnel and facilities and humanitarian personnel and consignments; and other rules on the protection of persons who do not or no longer participate in hostilities, such as civilians and prisoners of war. 9. Conducting information operations or activities will amount to international crimes, such as genocide, including direct and public incitement thereto, war crimes and crimes against humanity, where the elements of those crimes are fulfilled. 10. The application of the aforementioned rules of international law is without prejudice to any and all other applicable rules of international law that provide protections against information operations or activities.” In: https://www.justsecurity.org/76742/oxford-statement-on-international-law-protections-in-cyberspace-the-regulation-of-information-operations-and-activities/