Q4/2020 - Russische BRICS- & SCO-Präsidentschaft

BRICS-Gipfeltreffen, 17. November 2020 (virtuell)

Das für Juli 2020 geplante 12. Gipfeltreffen der fünf BRICS-Staaten wurde in den virtuellen Raum verlegt und fand vier Tage vor dem G20-Gipfeltreffen - am 17. November 2020 - unter Leitung des russischen Präsidenten Wladimir Putin statt. Im Mittelpunkt stand auch hier die Bewältigung der Pandemie. Sowohl die Gipfelerklärung als auch die begleitenden Dokumente zur Terrorismusbekämpfung und zur ökonomischen Zusammenarbeit enthalten Empfehlungen zu Cybersicherheit und zur Entwicklung der digitalen Wirtschaft. Allerdings wurden keine konkreten Beschlüsse gefasst. Auch hinsichtlich des seit Jahren verfolgten Projekts eines plurilateralen Cybersicherheits-Abkommens zwischen den fünf BRICS-Staaten gab es keine Fortschritte.

  • In der „XII BRICS Summit Moscow Declaration“ beschäftigen sich fünf Paragrafen mit internet-governance-relevanten Themen[1]. In Para. 38 wird die Nutzung des Internet für Terrorismus verurteilt. In Para. 39 wird die „führende Rolle der UNO“ bei der Diskussion zur Cybersicherheit hervorgehoben. Die Fortschritte der OEWG und der UN-GGE werden begrüßt und die Geltung des Völkerrechts für den Cyberspace bekräftigt. In Para. 40 wird die Absicht erneuert, ein zwischenstaatliches Abkommen zur Cybersicherheit zwischen den fünf BRICS-Staaten abzuschließen. Verwiesen wird auf die Tätigkeit der „BRICS Working Group on Security in the Use of ICTs“ und die „BRICS Roadmap of Practical Cooperation on Ensuring Security in the Use of ICTs“. Fortschritte bei dem seit Jahren verfolgten Projekt gibt es aber nicht. Para. 41 weist auf den Anstieg von kriminellen Aktivitäten im Cyberspace hin und bedauert das Nichtvorhandensein eines multilateralen Abkommens zur Bekämpfung von Cyberkriminalität. Die auf russische Initiative von der UN-Vollversammlung Im Dezember 2019 verabschiedete UN-Resolution 74/247 zur Bildung eines zwischenstaatlichen Ad-hoc Komitees, das die Möglichkeiten einer UN-Konvention gegen Cyberkriminalität erörtern soll, wurde begrüßt. Para. 42 fordert Schutzmaßnahmen für Kinder gegen eine sexuelle Ausbeutung online.
  • Die Erklärung zum „BRICS Counter Terrorism Strategy“ verurteilt den Missbrauch des Internets für das Rekrutieren von Terroristen, die Aufhetzung und Radikalisierung über soziale Medien sowie die Online-Organisation von finanzieller Unterstützung für terroristische Aktionen. Gefordert wird eine engere Zusammenarbeit mit der UNO, aber auch mit der G20 und der „Financial Action Task Force“ (FATF)[2].
  • Die „Strategy for BRICS Economic Partnership until 2025“ enthält zwei die Digitalwirtschaft betreffende Abschnitte: „Digital Transformation“ und „Industry, Innovation and Technology“[3]. Im Abschnitt zur digitalen Transformation geht es vor allem um eine verbesserte Zusammenarbeit zwischen den fünf BRICS-Staaten bei Regulierung, Ausbildung, Data Management, Digital Governance und der Überwindung der digitalen Spaltung. Im Abschnitt Industrie, Innovation und Technologie geht es um eine Vertiefung der „Intra-BRICS-Zusammenarbeit bei der durchgängigen Digitalisierung der nationalen Wirtschaft, der Entwicklung von Software, gemeinsamen Technologie-Plattformen, Wissenschaftsparks, Incubator-Zentren, sowie der Förderung von Industrie 4.0 durch die „BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution (PartNIR). Geschaffen werden soll eine „BRICS Scientific Identity“. Viel verspricht man sich von dem „Young Scientist Forum“, das die „Next Generation of Scientific Leaders“ produzieren soll. Als oberstes Koordinierungsgremium für diesen Bereich fungiert die „Digital BRICS Task Force“ (DBTF). Verglichen mit den Absichtserklärungen des BRICS-Gipfeltreffens von Brasilia im Jahr 2019 gibt es aber nur wenig messbare Fortschritte.   

Der chinesische Präsident Xi Jinping nutzte das Gipfeltreffen, um sich in seiner Rede indirekt mit der US-amerikanischen „Clean Network Initiative“ (CNI) auseinanderzusetzen. China setze sich für eine Stärkung des Multilateralismus und der Welthandelsorganisation (WTO) ein. „The practice of using the pandemic to pursue “de-globalization” or clamor for “economic decoupling” and “parallel systems” will end up hurting one’s own interests and the common interests of all.“ China möchte daher die „BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution“ (PartNIR) als eine attraktive Alternative stärken und kündigte die Eröffnung eines neuen digitalen BRICS-Innovationszentrums in Xiamen an. Xi warb auch um Unterstützung für die „Global Initiative on Data Security“ (GIDS), die der chinesische Außenminister Wang Yi beim chinesischen IGF im September 2020 vorgetragen hatte. Die Moskauer Deklaration enthält allerdings keinen Paragraphen, der auf diese Initiative Bezug nimmt oder sie direkt unterstützt[4]. 

Im Jahr 2021 übernimmt Indien die BRICS-Präsidentschaft. 2022 folgt China und 2023 wieder Südafrika.

An dem virtuellen 19. SCO-Gipfeltreffen nahmen unter Leitung von Russlands Präsident Wladimir Putin u.a. der chinesische Präsident Xi Jinping, der indische Präsident Narendra Modi und der iranische Präsident Hassan Rohani teil. UN-Generalsekretär António Guterres sendete per Video eine Grußbotschaft. Angenommen wurde eine „Moskauer Deklaration“ sowie zwölf einzelne Dokumente, darunter zwei Erklärungen zu „Sicherheit im Cyberspace“ und zur „digitalen Wirtschaft“.

  • In der „Moskauer Deklaration“ wird eine Stärkung von globaler Cybersicherheit und eine diskriminierungsfreie Entwicklungszusammenarbeit in der Digitalwirtschaft gefordert[5]. Universelle Regeln, Prinzipien und Normen für ein verantwortungsbewusstes Verhalten von Staaten im Cyberspace müssten im Rahmen der UN ausgearbeitet und Maßnahmen ergriffen werden zur Bekämpfung der Verbreitung von „illegalen Inhalten“ im Internet. Bezüge zu einem freien und offenen Internet, zu den Menschenrechten oder dem Multistakeholder-Prinzip für Internet Governance finden sich in der Moskauer Deklaration nicht.  
  • Das SCO-Statement zur Cybersicherheit fordert stärkeres staatliches Engagement zur Gewährleistung von Sicherheit im Cyberspace auf der Basis der Normen des Völkerrechts, wie sie in der UN-Charta verankert sind, insbesondere der Prinzipien Souveränität und Nichteinmischung. Das Statement sieht in der UNO die Hautplattform für Verhandlungen zu einem „friedlichen, sicheren, offenen und stabilen globalen Informationsraum“. Unterstützt werden die von Russland initiierten Bemühungen zur Ausarbeitung eines völkerrechtlichen Vertrags zur Bekämpfung von Cyberkriminalität im 3. Ausschuss der UN-Vollversammlung. Er soll die Verbreitung von Informationsinhalten mit „terrorist, separatist, extremist and other criminal purposes“ unterbinden. Mit Blick auf „Internet Governance“ wird gefordert, allen Staaten gleiche Rechte einzuräumen und dabei der ITU eine stärkere Rolle zuzuweisen. Gefordert wird eine „Balance zwischen Sicherheit und Entwicklung“. In diesem Kontext wird die Forderung erhoben, eine „gleichberechtigte, faire und diskriminierungsfreie Umgebung“ für Business-Aktivitäten im Bereich neuer Technologien zu schaffen. Eingefordert werden Mitsprachrechte bei der Ausarbeitung „technischer Standards für Informationssicherheit“. Die Erklärung wurde neben Russland und China von Kirgisistan, Pakistan, Tadschikistan und Usbekistan unterstützt. Indien und Iran unterzeichneten das Papier nicht[6].  
  • Im SCO-Statement zur Digitalwirtschaft wird die digitale Transformation als ein Schlüsselelement für wirtschaftliches Wachstum, nachhaltige Entwicklung und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit bezeichnet. Verstärkt werden soll die Zusammenarbeit in Bereichen wie Internet der Dinge und künstliche Intelligenz. Gestärkt werden sollen vor allem klein- und mittelständische Unternehmen. Mehr investiert werden soll in Ausbildung, die Entwicklung von Inkubatoren und die Förderung von Start-ups[7].
  • Der chinesische Präsident Xi Jinping bezeichnete die Beziehungen zwischen den Staaten der Shanghai Cooperation Organisation als „ein Beispiel für einen neuen Typ von internationalen Beziehungen, die sich auf wechselseitigen Respekt, Gleichheit, Gerechtigkeit und einer Zusammenarbeit zum gegenseitigen Vorteil“ gründen[8]. Xi warnte vor einer Periode von „Turbulenzen und Transformationen“ nach Beendigung der Pandemie. Die Pandemie hätte viele sich seit Jahren abzeichnenden Prozesse, wie z.B. die globale Digitalisierung, beschleunigt und stehe jetzt vor einem Scheideweg. „The international community now faces a major test with choices to be made between multilateralism and unilateralism, openness and seclusion, cooperation and confrontation. "What is going on with the world?" "What shall we do about it?" These are the questions awaiting answers from the people of our time“. Xi zeigte sich zuversichtlich, dass neue Nullsummenspiele scheitern und Multilateralismsus den Unilateralismus besiegen wird. China werde sich für den Multilateralismus einsetzen und weitere Initiativen ergreifen wie die „Global Initiative on Data Security“ (GIDS), die „Belt and Road Initiative“ (BRI) und weitere Projekte in den Bereichen „digital economy, e-commerce, artificial intelligence and smart cities“[9].
  • Der russische Präsident Wladimir Putin warnte in seiner Rede vor einem Anstieg von Cyberkriminalität. Die SCO-Staaten müssten ihre Anstrengungen verstärken, um dieser neuen Gefahr adäquat zu begegnen. Die SCO sollte eine wachsende Rolle in der Weltpolitik, vor allem im euro-asiatischen Raum, spielen. Unter der russischen SCO-Präsidentschaft hätten 16 neue Länder Interesse bekundet, Mitglied, Beobachter oder Dialogpartner der SCO zu werden.  
  • In seiner Pressekonferenz zum Abschluss des Gipfeltreffens hob SCO-Generalsekretär Vladimir Norov insbesondere die Beschlüsse zur Cybersicherheit und zur Digitalwirtschaft hervor. Das Gipfeltreffen hätte gezeigt, dass die SCO sich entwickelt hätte zu einem „influential and responsible participant in the modern system of international relations, which will continue to increase its contribution to peace and security, settlement of international and regional conflicts exclusively by political and diplomatic means, based on the principles of equality, respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity and non-interference in the internal affairs of states, renunciation of the use or threat of use of force.“[10]
  • 2021 feiert die Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ihren 20. Geburtstag. Die SCO-Präsidentschaft geht 2021 auf Kirgisistan über. Das SCO-Gipfeltreffen ist für den 16. und 17. September 2021 in der kirgisischen Hauptstadt Duschanbe geplant.
Mehr zum Thema
Q4/2020BRICS
  1. [1] XII BRICS Summit Moscow Declaration, 17. November 2020: „38. We welcome the outcomes of the V BRICS Counter-Terrorism Working Group (CTWG) and its subgroups’ inaugural meetings, which have further advanced BRICS cooperation in the areas of countering terrorism and its financing, foreign terrorist fighters, radicalization, the use of the Internet for terrorism purposes and capacity building. We endorse the BRICS Counter-Terrorism Strategy aimed at complementing and strengthening cooperation among the BRICS countries as well as making a meaningful contribution to the global efforts of preventing and combating the threat of terrorism. We designate the BRICS High Representatives for Security to lead the review of the implementation of the Strategy and in this regard of the BRICS Counter-Terrorism Working Group (CTWG) work including the development of Counter-Terrorism Action Plan. 39. We emphasize the need of a comprehensive and balanced approach to ICTs development and security, including technical advancement, business development, of safeguarding the security of States and public interests, and of respecting the right to privacy of individuals. We underscore the leading role of the United Nations in promoting dialogue to forge common understandings on the security of and in the use of ICTs and development of universally agreed norms, rules and principles for responsible behavior of States in the realm of ICTs, without prejudice to other relevant international fora. We emphasize the importance of international law and principles applicable in this sphere. In this regard, we welcome the work of the UN Open-Ended Working Group as well as of the Group of Governmental Experts and note progress in the discussions. 40. We also underscore the importance of establishing legal frameworks of cooperation among BRICS States on ensuring security in the use of ICTs. We note the activities of the BRICS Working Group on Security in the Use of ICTs and acknowledge the work towards consideration and elaboration of proposals on this matter, including on a BRICS intergovernmental agreement on cooperation on ensuring security in the use of ICTs and on bilateral agreements among BRICS countries. We reaffirm the importance of advancing the intra-BRICS cooperation, including through the consideration of relevant initiatives and the implementation of the BRICS Roadmap of Practical Cooperation on Ensuring Security in the Use of ICTs. 41. While emphasizing the formidable potential of the digital revolution for growth and development, we recognize new associated possibilities it brings for criminal activities and threats. We express concern over the rising level and complexity of criminal misuse of ICTs as well as the absence of a multilateral framework to counter the use of ICTs for criminal purposes. We recognize also that new challenges and threats in this respect require international cooperation and discussions on possible legal frameworks, including the need to elaborate a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of ICTs for criminal purposes under the auspices of the UN and note the establishment of an open-ended ad hoc intergovernmental committee of experts under the auspices of the UN in accordance with UNGA Resolution 74/247 of 27 December 2019. 42. We are concerned over the increasing challenge to protect children from online sexual exploitation and from other content harmful for their health and development and look forward to strengthening BRICS cooperation to develop initiatives aimed at ensuring safety of the children on the Internet.“ In: https://eng.brics-russia2020.ru/documents/
  2. [2] BRICS COUNTER-TERRORISM STRATEGY, Moskau, 22. November 2020: „III.16. counter extremist narratives conducive to terrorism and the misuse of the Internet and social media for the purposes of terrorist recruitment, radicalization and incitement and providing financial and material support for terrorists; 17. counter public calls for and incitement of terrorism and extremism conducive to terrorism; 18. strengthen cooperation against the misuse of information and telecommunication technology for terrorist and other criminal purposes; create counter-narratives disrupting the propaganda of terrorist and extremist ideas conducive to terrorism; 19. broaden their counter-terrorism cooperation with the United Nations, as well as the G-20 and the FATF.“ In: https://eng.brics-russia2020.ru/documents/
  3. [3] STRATEGY FOR BRICS ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP 2025, Moskau, 22. November 2020: „II. DIGITAL ECONOMY Digital economy is an important tool for modernization and transformation of the industry, promotion of inclusive economic growth, facilitation of the decision-making process and stimulation of the national economies to meet the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals. Amidst the Fourth Industrial Revolution, accompanied with cross-cutting digitalization of all the economic sectors, development and adoption of digital technologies becomes a determinant of sustainable economic growth of the grouping. Development and adoption of these technologies appear to be of utmost importance for the BRICS population, especially the ones living in urban and rural areas and suffering from limited access to basic social services. Acknowledging that countries are not at the same levels of digital development, there is a need to focus on addressing digital divide and ensuring shared benefits of digitalization. Science, technology and innovation preserve their crucial role in fostering inclusive macroeconomic and social policies in BRICS. Prioritization of this track by BRICS makes even more sense against the ever-increasing knowledge-intensity of global GDP, the integration of companies from traditional sectors in the structure of the new economy (knowledge economy), and the ongoing changes in the production value and research and development processes in the global innovation system. In order to bring about synergies from the aforementioned trends, members of BRICS will take steps to: 1. Digital Transformation: a.unveil the potential of and open up opportunities for BRICS population to acquire cutting-edge technologies as the prospective instruments of raising the BRICS competitiveness and productivity, improving quality of life of the BRICS population, ensuring economic growth and enhancing social empowerment and digital inclusion; b. exchange experiences and explore approaches to regulatory issues of digital transformation of economy; c. enhance accessibility and quality of goods and services produced by BRICS with the use of digital technologies; d. address digital divide by bridging the gap in access of BRICS population to digital infrastructure, digital skills and digitally-enabled services and ensure inclusion of digitally deprived segments of society by laying special stress on improving the access and connectivity of people living in rural areas, as well as groups of persons with disabilities, to the Internet; e. promote adequate training and skills development to the workforce and businesses, taking into consideration the challenges and opportunities stemming from the digitization and the Fourth Industrial Revolution; f. develop digital literacy programs for harmonious and inclusive adaptation of the BRICS population; g. share experiences and best practices in unique digital identification systems, systems for Big Data management, and smart cities and communities, and pursue common projects among the BRICS countries; h. acknowledge the importance of digital governance in the era of global digitalization and cooperate with each other in the area of digital governance, including in the framework of the Digital BRICS Task Force (DBTF); 2. Industry, Innovation and Technology: a. ensure greater integration of innovative technologies throughout all sectors of economy, including the traditional industries, building intelligence into processes that enables manufacturers to become more efficient and data-driven; b. promote the development and application of new and emerging technologies and services through the implementation of scientific and technological projects, and creation of an enabling environment for innovation; c. deepen the cooperation in the framework of the BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution (PartNIR) and launch prospective projects under its aegis, with the aim of accelerating the digital transformation of economy, expediting the industrialization process, strengthening innovation impetus, promoting inclusive growth, strengthening cooperation between advanced manufacturing clusters, collaborating on upskilling and reskilling programs related to the NIR gathering synergy of investment together with financial institutions such as the New Development Bank as well as through the consolidation and development of BRICS Innovation Center, Digital BRICS Task Force (DBTF), iBRICS Network, among others; d. encourage opportunities for BRICS and BRICS-UNIDO cooperation in advanced technical skills and training workforce transformation as well as educational infrastructure, facilities for advanced production technologies; e. facilitate the establishment of joint technology platforms, innovation and technology hubs, network of high-technology zones / industry and science parks, research and capacity building centers, industrial development funds as well as business incubators; f. follow the open innovations principle in intra-BRICS science and technology cooperation while encouraging sharing research infrastructures; g. expand BRICS collaboration on software and ICT equipment, and realization of projects in this realm; h. widen and deepen cooperation between multi-sectoral high-technology industrial enterprises, inter alia to develop convergent and natural-like technologies; i. enhance scale, scope and impact of the BRICS scientific research and innovation to address societal challenges by co-generation of knowledge, products, services and by co-investment of resources including funds; j. build the BRICS scientific identity in research and innovation in global arena of science and technology and innovation landscape; k. build the next generation scientific leadership including through maintaining interaction in the framework of young scientists forum / innovator forum / conclave.“ In: https://eng.brics-russia2020.ru/documents/
  4. [4] Remarks by Chinese President Xi Jinping at 12th BRICS Summit: Fighting COVID-19 in Solidarity and Advancing BRICS Cooperation Through Concerted Efforts, 17. November 2020: „The practice of using the pandemic to pursue “de-globalization” or clamor for “economic decoupling” and “parallel systems” will end up hurting one’s own interests and the common interests of all. Under the current situation, we need to stand firm for building an open world economy. We need to uphold the multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core and reject abuse of the “national security” concept for protectionist purposes. We need to leverage the new business forms and models triggered by the pandemic, strengthen cooperation on scientific and technological innovation, and nurture an open, fair, equitable and non-discriminatory business environment to bring about common development of higher quality and stronger resilience. China will work with other parties to flesh out the BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution at a faster pace. We will open in Xiamen, Fujian Province a BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution innovation center to advance cooperation on policy coordination, personnel training and project development, and we welcome the active participation of fellow BRICS countries. Not long ago, China launched a Global Initiative on Data Security, which aims to jointly foster a peaceful, secure, open, cooperative and orderly cyberspace to enable sound growth of the digital economy. We look forward to support from our fellow BRICS countries.“ In: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-11/17/c_139523124.htm
  5. [5] The Moscow Declaration of the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, 10. November 2020, „The member states emphasise the importance of developing a best practice guide to prevent the proliferation of illegal content on the internet and coordinating common standards based on the norms of international law and respect for the leading role of the concerned states and their agencies in the fight against the proliferation of extremist, separatist and terrorist content on the internet and the use of information and communications technology for terrorist purposes. …The member states emphasise that modern information and communications technology creates new advantages and development opportunities for all humankind. They oppose discriminatory steps, taken under any pretext, that can impede the development of the digital economy and communications technology. They consider it necessary to work out, under the auspices of the UN, universal rules, principles and norms of responsible state behaviour in cyberspace in order to promote the development of the digital economy and communications technology, as well as to prevent the use of this technology for purposes incompatible with maintaining international peace, security and stability. The member states reaffirm their commitment to continue intensive exchanges in this area and coordinate their efforts on international platforms, also in order to ensure information security in the SCO space. The coordinated position of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Republic of Uzbekistan with regard to further efforts on this track is laid out in the Statement by the Council of Heads of State of the SCO Member States on Cooperation in International Information Security. The member states believe that putting together a SCO cooperation plan for ensuring international information security will further strengthen cooperation in this area. In: http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20201110/690356.html
  6. [6] Statement by Council of Heads of State Shanghai Cooperation Organization on cooperation in the field of international information security, Moskau, 11. November 2020 , Member States reaffirm a common approach to ensuring international information security and declare that development and the use of information and communication technologies, and international and regional cooperation in this area should be based on universally recognized principles of international law, including the UN Charter, in particular, state sovereignty, political independence, territorial integrity, sovereign equality of states, settlement of disputes by peaceful means, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states, as well as respect fundamental freedoms and human rights, including the inviolability of private lives that are of paramount importance for the formation of a peaceful, safe, open and stable global information space. Taking into account the transboundary nature of information and communication technology, Member States recognize the importance of international cooperation in providing information security by intensifying efforts at national, bilateral and multilateral levels. In this context, Member States support activities carried out in the UN to develop rules, norms and principles responsible behavior of states in the information space and confirm their intention to continue collaboration and coordination efforts of the SCO in this direction within the framework of key profile UN negotiating platforms. Member States reaffirm their commitment to developing multilateral cooperation to counter the use of information and communication technologies in terrorist, separatist, extremist and other criminal purposes. In this regard, they recognize the need to develop, under the auspices of the UN, universal legally binding instruments to ensure international information security, as well as countering information crime, such as a comprehensive international convention against the use of information communication technologies for criminal purposes. Member States recognize the need to strengthen coordination activities in the UN and other international platforms on improving the management of the Internet, including providing equal rights of states to participate in the process of Internet governance and enhancing the role of the International Telecommunication Union. Member States stress the need to strike a balance between security and development, which requires joint efforts of all countries in order to ensure an equal, fair and non-discriminatory environment for doing business in the field of new technologies, as well as developing within international specialized agencies generally recognized technical standards for information security. In: https://sco-russia2020.ru/documents/ (in Russisch)
  7. [7] SCO Secretary-General's press conference on the results of the SCO Summit, 16. November 2020: „With regard to the Statement on Cooperation in the Field of Digital Economy, I would like to note that it confirms the growing importance of digital transformation for achieving global inclusive economic development. The Statement notes that digital technologies are becoming one of the key factors in accelerating economic development, increasing the competitiveness of various industries, creating new markets and ensuring comprehensive sustainable growth. The SCO Heads of State opposed measures that hinder international cooperation in developing the digital economy on a global scale. It seems important to cooperate in the following areas: — development of cooperation in the fields of digitalisation, information and communication technologies in industry, transport, agriculture, healthcare, education, tourism, energy, trade, finance and customs; — consideration of projects to create new models of digital entrepreneurship, including in the area of small and medium-sized businesses, training of qualified personnel and specialists; — studying issues of further cooperation in the field of programmes and scientific developments in the field of "through" digital technologies, artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, the development of innovation clusters and technology parks, incubation and acceleration of start-ups, the use of modern information and communication technologies in public administration and the provision of public services.“ In: http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20201116/692924.html Text des Statement (in Russisch) in: https://sco-russia2020.ru/documents/
  8. [8] Xi Jinping Attends the 20th Meeting of the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation 10. November 2020: „Xi stressed that since its founding, the SCO has set an example for a new type of international relations that features mutual respect, equity, justice and win-win cooperation. In the face of COVID-19, we have backed each other up to tide over the difficulties together. Such solidarity has injected positive energy into both the SCO's steady development and international cooperation against the coronavirus. Xi pointed out that the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated shifts in the international landscape. The world is entering a period of turbulence and transformation. The international community now faces a major test with choices to be made between multilateralism and unilateralism, openness and seclusion, cooperation and confrontation. "What is going on with the world?" "What shall we do about it?" - These are the questions awaiting answers from the people of our time. People across the world increasingly yearn for a better life. The trend toward peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit is unstoppable. History has proven and will continue to prove that good-neighborliness will prevail over a beggar-thy-neighbor approach, mutually beneficial cooperation will replace zero-sum game, and multilateralism will win over unilateralism.“ In: http://ba.chineseembassy.org/eng/gnxw_1/t1831719.htm
  9. [9] Vice Foreign Minister Le Yucheng Gives an Interview on President Xi Jinping's Attendance at the 20th Meeting of the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 11. November 2020, in: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjbxw/t1831731.shtml
  10. [10] SCO Secretary-General's press conference on the results of the SCO Summit, 16. November 2020, in: http://eng.sectsco.org/news/20201116/692924.html